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VACC offers this free compendium of critical Cryogenic

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Basic Principles

Thomas Flynn, Cryogenic Engineering, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, CRC, (November 30, 2004)
A.C. Rose-Innes, Low Temperature Techniques, 1964
Abbott, M. M., Van Ness, H. C. (1972). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Thermo-dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill
Alistair Christopher Rose-Innes, E. H. Rhoderick, "Introduction to Superconductivity" (International Series in Solid State Physics; V. 6) (Paperback), Pergamon; 2 edition (October 1977)
atmospheric pressure. Intl J. Heat Mass Transfer 7(10):1097
Barron, Randall F., Cryogenic Systems (Monographs on Cryogenics, No 3), Oxford University Press, USA, 2 edition (June 13, 1985)
Bell (1968). K. J. Adv. Cryo. heat transfer. In: Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series. Vol. 64, No. 87
Brentari, E. G., Giarratano, P. J., Smith, R. V. (1965). Boiling heat transfer for oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium. US Nat. Bur. Stand. Tech. Note No. 317, Sept.
Drayer, D. E., Timmerhaus, K. D. (1962). An experimental investigation of the individual boiling and condensing heat transfer coefficients for hydrogen. Adv. Cryo. Eng 7: 401-412
Flynn, T. M., Draper, J. W., Ross, J. J. (1962). The nucleate and film boiling curve of liquid nitrogen at one atmosphere. Adv. Cryo. Eng. 7:539-545
Frederking, T. H. K. (1959). Film boiling of helium I and other liquefied gases on single wires. AIChE J. 5(3):403-406
G.K. White, Experimental Techniques in Low Temperatures Physics, 1979
Krishnaprakas, C. K., et al. (2000). Heat transfer correlations for muitilayer insulation systems. Cryogenics 40(7):431-435
Lewis, G. N., Randall, M., Pitzer, K. S., Brewer, L. (1961). Thermodynamics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
Lyon, D. N. (1964). Peak nucleate boiling heat fluxes and nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients for liquid N2, liquid 02 and their mixtures in pool boiling at
Lyon, D. N. (1965). Peak nucleate boiling fluxes and nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients in saturated liquid helium between the 2 and critical temperatures. Adv. Cryo. Eng. Vol. 10
M. Donabedian, Spacecraft Thermal Control Handbook, Vol. ll: Cryogenics, 2003
M.G. Kaganer, Thermal Insulation in Cryogenic Engineering, 1969
Michael Tinkham, "Introduction to Superconductivity: Second Edition" (Dover Books on Physics) (Paperback) (June 14, 2004)
Norman R. Braton, Cryogenic Recycling and Processing, 1980
O.V. Lounasmaa, Experimental Principles Below 1K, 1974
P. G. De Gennes, "Superconductivity Of Metals And Alloys", Westview Press (March 30, 1999)
R. Barron, Cryogenic Systems, 1966
R.B. Scott, Cryogenic Engineering, 1959
Ramirez, J. A. (2000). Measurement of heat transfer coefficients in high NTU regenerative heat exchangers. Adv. Cryog. Eng. 45:403-410
Ranchero, J. T., Barker, G. E., Boll, R. H. (1951). Heat transfer characteristics of boiling oxygen, fluorine, and hydrazine, Proj. M834. Engineering Research Inst., Univ. of Michigan
Sandler, S. I. (1977). Chemical and Engineering Thermodynamics. New York: Wiley
Schmidt, A. F. (1972). ASRDI Oxygen Technology Survey. Vol. I. Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics. Tech. Rept. NASA SP-3076. Vol. III. Jan, 177 pages
Seader, J. D. (1965). Boiling Heat Transfer for Cryogenics. NASA-CR-243. 171 pages
Sliepcevich, C. M., Hashemi, H. T., Colver, C. P. (1968). Heat transfer problems in LNG technology. In: Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series. Vol. 64, No, 87, pp. 120-126
Smith, J. M., Van Ness, H. C. (1975). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
Traugott H.K. Frederking and S.W.K. Yuan, Cryogenics- Low Temperature Engineering and Applied Sciences, ISBN 1-889554-99-5, 2005, 202 pages
W. Frost, Heat Transfer at Low Temperatures, 1975
Waynert, J. et al. (1990a). Transient heat transfer characteristics of liquid hydrogen, including freezing. In: Proceedings of the AIAA Second International Aerospace Planes Confer-ence AIAA-90-5213
Weil, L. (1951). Heat transfer coefficients of boiling liquefied gases. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress on Refrigeration. London, IC: 9193947, 181 pages
Williamson, K. D., et al. (1968) Studies of Forced Convection Heat Transfer to Cryogenic Fluids. In: Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series. Vol. 64, No. 87, pp. 103-110
Zemansky, M. W. (1957). Heat and Thermodynamics. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
Zuber, N., Fried, E. (1962). Two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer to cryogenic liquids. ARS J. 32:1332-1341

Bearings

Bosson, R. et al. (1999). High performance cryogenic ball bearings demonstration.. Presented at the 35th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, June 20-24
Ohta, T. et al. (1999). LH2 Turbopump test with hydrostatic bearing. Presented at the 35th ATAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. June 20-24
Soyars, W. M., Fuerst,.1. D. (2000). Felluilab cold compressor bearing lifetime improvements. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

Compressors

Asakura, H., et al. (2000). Performance of 80K turbo compressor system without LN2 cooling for high reliable and efficient helium refrigerator. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Decker, L., et al. (1997). A cryogenic axial-centrifugal compressor for superfluid helium refrigeration. In: Sixteenth International Cryogenic Engineering Conference/Interna-tional Cryogenic Materials Conference. Elsevier Science
Stehrenberger, W. (1988). Cold compressor development. In: Twelfth International Cryogenic Engineering Conference (ICEC 12), held July 12-15, 1988, in Southampton, UK. Proceedings. Butterworth and Company
Yamamura, H., et al. (1994). Measurements of impurity concentration for a helium compres-sor. Cryo. Eng. (Japan) Vol. 29, No. 1

Cooldown

Bonney, G. E., Stubbs, D. M. (1994). Design fundamentals of rapid cooldown JT cryostats and sensors. Proc. SPIE 2227
Commander, J. C., Schwartz, M. H. (1966). Cooldown of large-diameter liquid hydrogen and oxygen lines. Aerojet General Corporation Report 8800-54, NASA CR-54809

Cryocoolers

Collins, S. A., Paduano, J. D. (1994). Multi-axis vibration cancellation for Stirling cryocoo-lers. Proc. SPIE 2227:145-155
Curran, D. G. T., et al. (2000). Cryocooler state of the art for space-borne applications. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 585-594
G. Walker and E.R. Bingham, Low-Capacity Cryogenic Refrigeration, 1994
G. Walker, Cryocoolers: Applications (hardcover w/ dust jacket), vol. 2, ISBN 0-306-41219-5 Plenum Press, New York, 1983, 405 pages
G. Walker, Cryocoolers: Fundamentals (hardcover w/ dust jacket), vol. 1, ISBN 0-306-40715-9, Plenum Press, New York, 1983, 405 pages
Gao, C. M., et al. (2000). Study on a pulse tube cryocooler using gas mixture as its working fluid. Cryogenics 40(7):475-480
Gong, M. Q., et al. (2000). Prediction of transport for multicomponent cryogenic mixtures used in J-T cryocoolers. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 1159-1165
Harvey, J. P., Kirkconnell, C. S., Desai, P. V. (2000). Regenerator performance evaluation in a pulse tube cryocooler. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp. 373-381
Levenduski, R. L., Scarlotti, R. (1994). Development of a cryocooler for space applications. Proc. SPIE 2227,109-126
Luo, E. C., et al. (2000). The research and development, of cryogenic mixed-refrigerant Joule-Thomson cryocoolers. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 299-306
R.A. Ackermann, Cryogenic Regenerative Heat Exchangers, 1997
Tomlinson Jr., B. J., et al. (2000). Air force research laboratory cryocooler characterization status and lessons learned. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 595-601
Tomlinson Jr., B. J., et al. (2000). Air force research laboratory spacecraft cryocooler endurance evaluation. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 609-616
Unger, R. Z., Wood, J. G. (2000). Performance comparison of M77 Stirling cryocooler and proposed pulse tube cryocooler. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Vol. 45, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 539-544
W.F. Stoecker, J.W. Jones, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning (hardcover w/ dust jacket), ISBN 0-07-061619-1, 1982, 443 pages.

Cryogenic Fluids

Arp, V. (1998). A Summary of fluid properties including near-critical behavior. In: Proceed-ings of the International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration, held April 21-24, International Academic Publishers, pp. 387-392
Gershman, R., Sherman, A. I. (1979). Fluid Properties Handbook. NBS No, 48307, R-2732, 176-364
J. Wilks and D.S. Betts, An Introduction to Liquid Helium, 1987
Mann, D. B. (1962a). The thermodynamic properties of helium from 3 to 300 K between 0.5 and 100 Atmospheres, NBS Technical Note No. 154, PB 172217. US Government Print-ing Office, pp. 95
Mann, D. B. (1962b). The thermodynamic properties of helium from 6 to 540°R between 10 and 1500 psia. NBS Technical Note No. 154A, PB 182435. US Government Printing Office. 89 pages
McCarty, R. D. (1973). Thermodynamic properties of helium-4 from 2 to 1500 K with pressures to 108 Pa. J. Phys. Chem. Ref Data 2(4):923-1041
McCarty, R. D., Weber, L. A. (1972). Thermophysical properties of para hydrogen from the freezing liquid line to 5000 R for pressures to 10,000 psia. NBS Technical Note No. 617. US Government Printing Office, 169 pages
Roder, H. M., Weber, L. A., Goodwin, R. D. (1965). Thermodynamic and related properties of parahydrogen from the triple point to 100 K at pressures to 240 Atmospheres. NBS Monograph 94, 110 pages
Storvick, T. S., Sandler, S. I. (1977). Phase equilibria and fluid properties in the chemical industry estimation and correlation. In: ACS Symposium Series, No, 60, p. 550
Strobridge, T. R. (1962a). The thermodynamic properties of nitrogen from 64 to 300 K between 0.1and 200 Atmospheres. NBS Technical Note No. 129, PB 161630. US Government Printing Office, 85 pages
Strobridge, T. R. (1962b). The thermodynamic properties of nitrogen from 114 to 540°R between 0.1and 3000 psia. Supplement A (British units) NBS Technical Note No. 129A. US Government Printing Office, 85 pages
Weber, L. A. (1975). Thermodynamic and related properties of parahydrogen from Expanders
Zudkevitch, D., Gray, R. D. Jr. (1975). Impact of fluid properties on the design of equipment for handling LNG. Adv. Cryog. Eng. 20:103-123

Design

Swartz, E. T. (1995). Efficient cryogenic design, a system approach. J. Low Temp. Phys. 101(1/2)

Expanders

Claudet, G., Verdier, J. (1972). Simplified cryogenic reciprocating expansion Engine. In: Proceedings: ICEC4, IPC Business Press Ltd.
Danilov, I. B., at al. (1972). Two-stage expansion engine with differential piston. In: Proceed-ings: ICEC4, IPC Business Press Ltd.
Kaneko, J., et al. (1982). Performance of reciprocating expansion engine with electronic control valves. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Cryogenic Engineering Conference, May 11-14, 1982, Kobe, Japan; Butterworth and Company
Kobayashi, S. (1990). Experimental investigations on the reciprocating expansion engine. Cryogenics 30: September Supplement
Patton, G., et al. (1982). Hydraulically controlled helium expansion engine. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 27. Plenum Press
Von Bredow, H., Vogelhuber, W. W. (1971). Cryogenic expansion engine. US Patent 3,574,998 (April 13, 1971)

Heat Exchangers

Alexeev, A. et al. (2000). Study of behavior in the heat exchanger of a mixed gas Joule-Thomson cooler. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers
Anthony, M. L., Greene, W. D. (1997). Analytical model of an existing propellant densification unit heat exchanger. AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, July 6-9
Boyko, V., Siemensmeyer, K. (2001). Pt black powder as a heat exchanger at ultra low temperature. J. Low Temp. Phys. 122(3/4)
Darve, Ch. et al. (2000). A He II heat exchanger test unit designed for the LHC interaction region magnets. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Das, S. K., Roetzel, W. (1998). Second law analysis of a plate heat exchanger with an axial dispersive wave. Cryogenics. Vol. 38, No.8
Liang, J. et al. (2000). Test of recuperative pulse tube refrigerator with simplified perforated plate heat exchanger. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers
Pradeep Narayanan, S., Venkatarathnam, G. (1999). Performance of a counterflow heat exchanger with heat loss through the wall at the cold end. Cryogenics. Vol. 39, No. 1
Venkatarathnam, G., Narayanan, S. P. (1999). Performance of a counter flow heat exchanger with longitudinal heat conduction through the wall separating the fluid streams from the environment. Cryogenics. Vol. 39, No. 10
Yuen, W. W., Hsu, I. C. (1999). An experimental study and numerical simulation of two-phase flow of cryogenic fluids through micro-channel heat exchanger. Cryocoolers. Vol. 10 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Zhang, X. S. et al. (1998). The heat transfer characteristics of plate-fin heat exchanger in the field Of refrigeration and air-conditioning. In: International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration. International Academic Publishers

Insulation

Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 1691-1698
Augustynowicz, S. D.,Fesmire, J. E. (2000). Cryogenic insulation system for soft vacuum. Advances on Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45, Kluwer
Blevins, E., Sharpe, J. (1995). Water blown urethane insulation for use in cryogenic environ-ments. NTIS N95-31765
Celik, E., Schwartz, J. (1999). Evaluation of adhesion strength of sol-gel ceramic insulation for HTS magnets. IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconductivity 9(2):1916-1919
Heaney, J. B. (1998). Efficiency of aluminized Mylar insulation at cryogenic temperatures. Proc. SPIE 35:150-157
Kamiya, S., et al. (2000). Thermal test of the insulation structure for Lh2 tank by using the large experimental apparatus. Cryogenics 40(11):737-748
Kosaki, M., et al. (1998). Solid insulation and its deterioration. Cryogenics 38(11): 1095-1104
Krishnaprakas, C. K., et al. (2000). Heat transfer correlations for multilayer insulation systems Cryogenics 40(7):431-435
Kumar, A. S., et al. (2000). Thermal performance of multilayer insulation down to 4.2 Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 1675-1682

Liquid Level

Haraguchi, K. (1992). Measurement of flow-rate, liquid level and stress-strains. Cryo. Eng. (Japan) 27(5):10-15
Karunanithi, R., et al. (2000). Development of discrete array type liquid level indicator for cryogenic fluids. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp.1803-1808

Mechanical Properties of Solids

A.F. Clark, R.P. Reed & G. Hartwig, Nonmetallic Materials & Composites at Low Temperatures, 1979
Dillard, D. S. (1968). Thermal transport properties of selected solids at low temperatures. In: Chemical Engineering Progress Sympositun Series. Vol. 64. p. 87
Dillard, D. S. (1979). Thermal transport properties of selected solids at low temperatures. In: AICHE Symposium on Advances in Cryogenic Heat Transfer
E.S.R. Gopal, Specific Heats at Low Temperatures, 1966
G. Hartwig & D. Evans, Nonmetallic Materials & Composites at Low Temperatures, v3, 1986
Ho, C. Y., Li, H. H. (1986). Computerized comprehensive numerical data system on the thermophysical and other properties of materials established at Cindas/Purdue University. Mt. J. Thermophy's. 7(4):949-962
Hust, J. G., Kirby, R. K. (1978). Standard reference materials for thermophysical properties. Adv. Cryo. Eng. Vol. 24, Plenum Press, pp. 232-239
Johnson, V. J., Diller, D. E. (1970). Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fluids and Selected Solids for Cryogenic Applications. Rept. No. 9782. Boulder, CO: National Bureau of Standards, 57 pages
R.P. Reed and A.F. Clark, Materials at Low Temperatures, 1983
Touloukian, Y.S. ed. Thermodynamic and transport properties of gases, liquids and solids. In: ASME Symposium on Thermal Properties, 472 pages
Transport properties of solids
Vasiliev, L. L. et al. (1977). Thermophysical properties of composite polymer materials in cryogenic techniques. In: International Cryogenic Materials Conference, No. 18

Natural Gas Processing

Natural gas processing and liquefied natural gas
Arkharov, A. M. et al. (1998). Measurements of void fraction and flow rate of LNG flow. Adv. Cryo. Eng. 43:795-802
Jurns, J. M. et al. (1998). Testing of a buried LNG tank. Adv. Cryo. Eng. 43:1215-1221
Konishi, H., Teramoto, K. (1997). Natural gas gathering, liquefaction and ship transportation for thermal power generation. Cryo. Eng. (Japan) 32(3):6-12
Marrucho, I. M., et al. (1994). An improved extended-corresponding-states theory for natural gas mixtures. Int. J. Thermophys. 15(6):1261-1269
Shi, Y., Gu, A. (1998). The enthalpy and entropy in the LNG process. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration. International Academic Publishers, pp. 111-114
Suprunova, Z. A., Seriogin, V. E. (1998). Regime of uniform heating of liquid phase during static storage of liquefied natural gas. Cryo. Eng. 43:1223-1228

Refrigeration and Liquefaction

Gschneidner, Jr., K. A., et al. (1994). New magnetic refrigeration materials for the liquefaction of hydrogen. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 39. London: Plenum Press, pp. 1457-1465
Ishizuka, M., et al. (1975). New type screw compressor for helium refrigerators and liquefiers. Cryo. Eng. (Tokyo) 10(4):134-139
Kakimi, Y., et al. (1997). Pulse-tube refrigerator and nitrogen liquefier with active buffer sys-tem. Availability: approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Cryocoolers. Vol. 9. London: Plenum Press, pp. 247-253
Kanazawa, M. (1993). Refrigeration by a small liquefaction plant. Cryo. Eng. ( Japan) 28:9-16
Matsumoto, K., et al. (1996). Improvement of the performance of helium liquefaction system on dilution refrigerator using Gm Precooled Jt expansion refrigerator with magnetic regenerator. Cryo. Eng. (Japan) 31(4):86-92
Nagao, M., et al. (1989). Helium liquefaction by Gifford-mcmahon cycle cryogenic refrigera-tor Cryo. Eng. (Japan) 24(4):34-39
Narinsky, G. B., et al. (1995), Influence of thermodynamic parameters on main characteristics of helium liquefaction and refrigeration plant. Cryogenics 35(8): 483-487
Ohira, K., Nakamichi, K., Furimoto, H. (2000). Experimental study on magnetic refrigeration for the liquefaction of hydrogen. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 1747-1754

Safety

Alcorta, J. J. (1998). Cryogenic safety in the United States Antarctic Program. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 43. Plenum Press, pp. 1041-1045
Cassidy, K. (1993). Risk assessment and the safety of large cryogenic systems and plant in the UK and Europe. Cryogenics 33(8):755-76
Stanek, R., Kilmer, J. (1993). Evolution of cryogenic safety at Fermilab. Cryogenics 33(8):809-812
Webster, T. J. (1982). Proceedings of the Ninth International Cryogenic Engineering Conference. Kobe, Japan: Butterworth and Co.

Seals

Carlile, J. A. et al. (1993). Preliminary experimental results for a cryogenic brush seal config-uration. Presented at the AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 29th, held in Monterey, CA on June 28-30
Haycock, R. H. et al. (1990). A compact indium seal for cryogenic optical windows. Proc. SPIE 1340
Hendricks, R. C. et al. (1990). Brush seal configurations for cryogenic and hot gas applica-tions. In: Advanced Earth-to-Orbit Propulsion Technology Conference held at NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL on May 15-17
Hendricks, R. C. et al. (1992). Development of advanced seals for space propulsion turbo-machinery. NASA-TM-105659; E-7024
Liu, L. Q., Zhang, L. (2000a). Study on a new type of sealing
Oike, M. et al. (1995). Characteristics of a shaft seal system for the LE-7 liquid oxygen turbo- pump. Presented at the AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 31st, held in San Diego, CA on July 10-12
Proctor, M. P. (1993). Brush seals for cryogenic applications. In: Annual Propulsion Engineer-ing Research Center Symposium, 5th, held at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park on September 8-9

Superconductivity

B.D. Josephson, Phys. Lett. 1, 251 (1962)
C.A. Reynolds et. al., Phys. Rev. 78, 487 (1950)
E.Maxwell, Phys. Rev. 78, 477 (1950)
F. London and H. London, Proc. R. Soc. London A149, 71 (1935)
H.K. Onnes, Commun. Phys. Lab. 12, 120 (1911)
J. Bardeen, L.N. Cooper, and J.R. Schrieffer, Phys. Rev. 108, 1175 (1957)
J.G. Bednorz and K.A. Mueller, Z. Phys. B64, 189 (1986)
L.P. Gor'kov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 36, 1364 (1959)
N.N. Bogoliubov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 34, 58 (1958)
V.L. Ginzburg and L.D. Landau, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20, 1064 (1950)
W. Meissner and R. Oschenfeld, Naturwiss. 21, 787 (1933)

Thermometers

Balle, Ch. (2000). Influence of thermal cycling on cryogenic thermometers. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 1817-1823
Phillips, R. W. (2000). Approximating the resistance-temperature relationship of platinum resistance thermometers from 20 K to 273 K. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 1809-1815
Safrata, R. S., et al. (1980). Deuterized cerium lanthanum magnesium nitrate as a magnetic thermometer. J. Low Temp. Phys. 41(3/4):405-407
Soulen, Jr., et al. (1980). A self-calibrating rhodium-iron resistive squid thermometer for the range below 0.5 K. J. Low Temp. Phys. 40(5/6):553-569

Transfer Lines

Haruyama, T. et al. (1996). Pressure drop of two-phase helium flowing in a large solenoidal magnet cooling path and a long transfer fine. Cryogenics. Vol. 36, No. 6
Hasan, A. R. et al. (2000). Modeling of cryogenic transfer line cool down. Advances inCryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Hosoyama, K. et al. (2000). Development of a high performance transfer line system. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Ng, Y. S., Lee, J. G. (1989). Analysis of dewar and transfer line cooldown in superfluid helium on orbig transfer flight experiment (Shoot). Cryogenic Optical Systems and Instruments III Conference. Proc. SPIE 973

Two Phase Flow

Bernard, R. et al. (1997). Thermohydraulic behaviour of He II in stratified co-current two- phase flow. In: Sixteenth International Cryogenic Engineering Conference/Interna-International Cryogenic Materials Conference, May 20-24, 1996, in Kitakyushu, Japan; Proceedings, Elsevier Science
Preclik, D. (1992). Two-phase flow in the cooling circuit of a cryogenic rocket engine. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Library, AIAA Technical Informa-tion Service, 555 W. 57th St., Suite 1200, New York, NY 10019
Rousset, B. et al. (2000). He II two phase flow in an inclinable 22m long line. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 45. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Wang, J. (1998). Analysis of the fluctuation characteristics of two-phase flow in exchanger of refrigerator. In: International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration, April 21-24, 1998, Zhejian University, Hangzhou, China; Proceedings, International Aca-demic Publishers
Wang, J. et al. (1989). The void fraction measurement in the two phase flow of helium (4.2 K). In: International Conference on Cryogenics and Refrigeration, May 22-26, 1989, at Zhejian University, Hangzhou, China; Proceedings. International Academic Publishers
Yuen, W. W., Hsu, I. C. (1999). An experimental study and numerical simulation of two-phase flow of cryogenic fluids through micro-channel heat exchanger. Cryocoolers. Vol. 10. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

Valves

Haycock, R. (1996). Remote controlled, stepper-motor-activated cryogenic valve: design, development and testing. A/AA Paper 97-3315
Haycock, R. (1996). Remote controlled, stepper-motor-activated cryogenic valve: design, development and testing. Proc. SPIE 2814
Hobbs, W., Kaufman, W. (1979). Design, Development and Testing of Non-modulating Pres-sure Control Valves. Vol. III. US Dept of Commerce, NIST, Cryogenic Technologies Group, Cryogenic Data Center
Mills, G. L. (1991). Design and development of a leak tight helium II valve with low thermal impact. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 37, Plenum Press
Ratts, E. B., Smith, Jr., J. L., Iwasa, Y. (1994). Design of a cold magnetically-actuated exhaust valve. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Vol. 39, Plenum Press
Struzik, L. P. (1979). Design and testing of fire safe cryogenic Valves. US Dept of Commerce, NIST, Cryogenic Technologies Group, Cryogenic Data Center